Conflict & Difficult Conversations · 06 of 10
Ladder of Inference
Source: Chris Argyris; popularised by Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline (1990)
A model of how we jump from observable data to conclusions and actions through selected facts, meanings and assumptions, often without noticing.
When to use it
Use it when you and someone else have reached very different conclusions from the same situation.
How to apply it
- Name the conclusion you have reached.
- Ask what data you selected to get there and what you left out.
- List the assumptions you added along the way.
- Share your reasoning step by step with the other person.
- Ask them to walk through their own reasoning in the same way.
Tip: Asking 'what did you see that led you to that?' is a quick way to step down the ladder together.