Communication & Writing · 10 of 10
What? So What? Now What?
Source: Gary Rolfe, Dawn Freshwater and Melanie Jasper (2001), building on earlier work by Terry Borton (1970)
A three-question reflective model that moves from describing events to interpreting them to deciding what to do next.
When to use it
Use it for project updates, retrospectives and incident summaries that need to lead to action.
How to apply it
- Answer 'What?' by describing what happened factually.
- Answer 'So what?' by explaining why it matters and what it means.
- Answer 'Now what?' by stating the actions or decisions that follow.
- Check each section is short and clearly separated from the others.
Tip: Updates often stop at 'What?'; the value to the reader is in the last two questions.